SaluCo
(De utilizar la informaci?n citar la fuente)
Bolet?n 8
Tratamientos Hormonales de Reemplazo, Hormone Replacement Therapy
Segunda Quincena
Julio 2002
Nota editorial:
Saluco,
en esta oportunidad sale en los d?as en que nuestro pueblo se apresta a
celebrar el 26 de Julio, sirva entonces para sumarnos a dicho homenaje,
saludar a los/las colegas de Ciego de Avila que con su esfuerzo han
contribuido a que su provincia sea la sede de tan important?sima fecha
y desde nuestro lugar promover el debate sobre c?mo contribuir a
mejorar la calidad de vida de las mujeres de edad mediana. Recuerden
que las lecturas pueden solicitarlas a cualquiera de los correos de la
Red y esperamos por su contribuci?n y comentarios. Feliz Verano.
Contenido:
1. Hormone Replacement Study a Shock to the Medical System. New York Times. Julio 10 2002. by Gina Kolata with Melody Petersen
2. Yatrogenia de la THS. Suspendido un estudio con terapia hormonal sustitutiva ante posibles riesgos. Jano On-line. 10/07/2002.
3.
Comunicado oficial de la Asociaci?n Espa?ola para el Estudio de la
Menopausia (AEEM) sobre los resultados del estudio Women�s Health
Initiative Study
4. Usar o no usar tratamientos hormonales sustitutivos: Riesgos y Desaf?os.
Por Leticia Artiles
Lecturas disponibles a solicitud:
Red Cubana de G?nero y Salud Colectiva
Ateneo Juan C?sar Garc?a, Sociedad Cubana de Salud P?blica
Cap?tulo Cubano de la Red de G?nero y Salud Colectiva
de la Asociaci?n Latinoamericana de Medicina Social (ALAMES)
Coordinadora: Leticia Artiles, email: leticia@infomed.sld.cu
Vicecoordinadoras: Ada Alfonso, e mail: aalfonso@infomed.sld.cu
Celia Sarduy, email: jlcomerc@ceniai.inf.cu
Reference link- Referencia enlace:
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks
and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal
Women. JAMA 2002; 288: 321-333
Primer Art?culo
Hormone Replacement Study a Shock to the Medical System. New York Times. Julio 10 2002. by Gina Kolata with Melody Petersen
The
announcement yesterday that a hormone replacement regimen taken by six
million American women did more harm than good was met with puzzlement
and disbelief by women and their doctors across the country.
A
rigorous study found that the drugs, a combination of estrogen and
progestin, caused small increases in breast cancer, heart attacks,
strokes and blood clots. Those risks outweighed the drugs' benefits � a
small decrease in hip fractures and a decrease in colorectal cancer.
Many of the 16,000 women in the study, supported by the National
Institutes of Health, opened letters yesterday telling them to stop the
drugs. In light of the findings, the study had come to a halt.
Hearing the news, some said the findings had persuaded them.
I may have taken my last pill this morning," said Dr. Deborah Bublitz, a pediatrician in Littleton, Colo.
Others
agonized over the consequences of suddenly stopping drugs that help
prevent bone loss and relieve menopause symptoms. Would they suffer
torrential night sweats and embarrassing hot flashes? Or were the
scientists simply exaggerating the risks, which were, after all,
minuscule for an individual woman?
Until recently, medical authorities were telling doctors to encourage almost every woman who had not had a hysterectomy to start taking the drugs when she reached menopause and to take them for years, even for life. Now the growing consensus seems to be that women should carefully consider whether they want to start the drugs at all. Those who take them for more than a few years should be aware of the risks, which, if slight, are real.
The
news of the study's findings came as such a surprise that doctors were
inundated yesterday with calls from patients. Some medical experts on
the hormone therapy said they had given up and taken their phones off
the hook.
"I'm just letting all my calls go onto the answering
machine," said Dr. Wulf Utian, executive director of the North American
Menopause Society.
But for Dr. Utian and others, this was a defining moment in medical history.
"This is the biggest bombshell that ever hit in my 30-something years in the menopause area," Dr. Utian said.
It
was a powerful scientific counterattack to years of strong promotion of
hormone replacement. There were reams of scientific papers. Many fell
short of absolute rigor, but in sum they pointed mostly in one
direction, that of benefit. There were compelling marketing campaigns
by drug companies. There was also the eager adoption of the drug
combination by doctors and women who wanted to believe it worked.
The
new study was different from the rest because it involved thousands of
healthy women and had a control group, with half the women taking dummy
pills. In addition, it looked for evidence of disease like heart
attacks and cancer rather than indirect indicators like cholesterol
levels, which can be misleading.
"This is definitive evidence," said
Dr. Deborah Grady, who directs the Mount Zion Women's Health Clinical
Research Center at the University of California in San Francisco.
The
tale of estrogen therapy began in 1966, when an enthusiastic doctor,
Robert Wilson, wrote a best-selling book. He called it "Feminine
Forever" and flew around the country promoting it, telling women and
doctors alike that estrogen, the feminine hormone, could keep women
young, healthy and attractive. It was just so natural � women would be
replacing a hormone they had lost at menopause just as diabetics
replace the insulin their pancreas fails to make.
"At age 50, there
are no ova, no follicles, no theca, no estrogen � truly a galloping
catastrophe," Dr. Wilson wrote in 1972 in The Journal of the American
Geriatric Society, referring to the eggs and surrounding tissue. But,
he continued, estrogen can save these women. "Breasts and genital
organs will not shrivel. Such women will be much more pleasant to live
with and will not become dull and unattractive."
Dr. Wilson died in
1981, but his son, Ronald Wilson, said yesterday that Wyeth-Ayerst had
paid all the expenses of writing "Feminine Forever" and financed his
father's organization, the Wilson Research Foundation, which had
offices on Park Avenue in Manhattan.
Mr. Wilson, who lives in Cary,
N.C., said the company had also paid his parents to lecture to women's
groups on the book. Wyeth said it could not confirm the account because
it was so long ago.
By 1975, Wyeth's product, Premarin, had become
the fifth leading prescription drug in the United States, said Nadine
F. Marks, an associate professor at the University of Wisconsin at
Madison, who co-wrote a research paper on hormone therapy. "Even
textbooks for gynecologists and obstetricians in the 1960's would
explain how a woman's life could be destroyed if she didn't have
estrogen in her body," Dr. Marks said.
During that time, however,
two major studies published in 1975 in The New England Journal of
Medicine indicated that estrogen substantially increased the risk of
cancer of the lining of the uterus. Soon, doctors and drug companies
found an alternative. They began giving estrogen with progestin, which
counteracts the effects on the uterine lining, leading to monthly
bleeding that resembles a menstrual period. Women who had had a
hysterectomy could take estrogen alone. Women who had a uterus could
take the hormone combination. The problem was solved, or so most
thought.
Sales soared again in the 1980's, Dr. Marks said, after a
major advertising initiative by the company, which promoted the
hormones for the prevention of osteoporosis.
There was no doubt that
the drugs helped many women through a difficult time when their sleep
was disrupted by night sweats and their days by hot flashes.
"There
is nothing else out there that addresses the symptoms of menopause,"
said Dr. Victoria Kusiak, vice president of global medical affairs at
Wyeth.
But scientists and doctors were saying something more � that it could be used for disease prevention.
Many
were impressed by evidence from dozens of observational studies in
which women who happened to take estrogen were compared to women who
did not. The drawback to these studies, however, is that women who
decide to take estrogen, studies have shown, tend to be different from
those who do not. They are healthier, leaner, less likely to smoke. The
question is, does estrogen make women healthy, or do healthy women take
estrogen?
Nevertheless, many of the studies indicated that those
who took the drugs had fewer heart attacks and fewer strokes, that they
had stronger bones and fewer fractures. There were also laboratory
studies demonstrating effects on animals and cells that seemed to
support the observations.
"There was all this mechanistic stuff,"
Dr. Grady said. "I have six inches of papers suggesting that it
improves coronary vasodilation, that it prevents atherosclerosis." In
fact, she said, the accumulating evidence for a heart disease benefit,
although indirect, seemed overwhelming.
Even a large study by the
National Institutes of Health seemed to support the notion of benefit.
It looked not at disease but at markers for disease, cholesterol levels
and bone density. Women who took hormones had better cholesterol levels
and denser bones than those taking a placebo.
"If you look at this
evidence � and it's part of the mind-boggling aspect of this whole
story � boy, the evidence for estrogen looked really strong," Dr. Grady
said. She and other experts were so persuaded that they wrote
guidelines for the American College of Physicians recommending that
women at high risk of heart disease take estrogen after menopause.
Dr.
Marcia Stefanick, the principal investigator of the new federal study,
said that not long ago medical groups were recommending that as soon as
a woman turned 50, she should have a frank discussion with her doctor
about hormone replacement therapy and that her doctor should encourage
her to take the drugs.
"This was what every 50-plus woman should do
to prevent the disease of aging," Dr. Stefanick said. "They linked up a
very beneficial product for treating menopausal symptoms to the answer
for treating all of a woman's aging problems."
Even when some
observational studies indicated that estrogen, and more so the
combination of estrogen and progestin, might increase the risk of
breast cancer, doctors were not dissuaded.
"A lot of people thought
it was outrageous that women should worry about breast cancer risk when
the heart disease risk is so much higher," Dr. Stefanick said.
Even
as some scientists and advocates for women began arguing that at least
there should be a more vigorous test of the estrogen hypothesis, it
retained its power.
Dr. Stefanick said that when the new study was
being planned, doctors and researchers said it was unethical because in
the most rigorous studies, a group of women would be taking placebos.
They would be denied the benefits of the hormones, these critics said.
All
along, as hormone therapy grew in popularity, some refused to be
convinced. One group, the National Women's Health Network, said it was
offended by the message and questioned the data.
The message, said
Cynthia Pearson, executive director of the network, "was sexist and
ageist." It had a constant refrain, she added. "Stay young. Stay
healthy. Stay sexually vital. Be less of a pain to your husband."
"The
claims were too good to be true," Ms. Pearson said. "Each time there
was anything negative about the drug, a new claim arose to keep it
alive."
"The science was accurate but it was extrapolated beyond
imagination," Ms. Pearson said. "We started saying: Not proven, not
proven, not proven."
In 1990, when Wyeth, the leading maker of
estrogen, went before the Food and Drug Administration with a request
to label the drug as protective against heart disease, Ms. Pearson was
there.
"We stood there and said, Hello? You couldn't approve a drug
for healthy men without a randomized clinical trial. Even aspirin had
to have a randomized controlled trial with healthy men," she said,
alluding to the data that persuaded the F.D.A. to allow aspirin makers
to market their product as protective against heart attacks. In a
randomized controlled trial, patients are divided at random into
groups, with each group taking a different treatment or placebo. They
are considered the gold standard of scientific evidence.
The
agency's advisory committee recommended that the company be able to
market estrogen as protective against heart disease, but the panel was
overruled by the agency, which said better data were needed.
In the
end, Wyeth began a randomized controlled study that most doctors and
researchers assumed would prove estrogen's beneficial effects on the
heart. The study, known as HERS, involved women who had already had
heart disease, a group in whom effects should be easiest to find.
At
the same time, amid lobbying by women's groups and criticism by
congresswomen about the lack of attention paid to women's health,
Congress appropriated money for a new research initiative at the
National Institutes of Health. That led to the latest huge and
expensive study of hormone replacement therapy.
The emerging data
from both that study, the Women's Health Initiative and HERS are
sobering. HERS found that far from protecting women against heart
attacks, the combination therapy actually increased their risk in the
first few years of taking the drugs.
The Women's Health Initiative
includes a group of women who have had hysterectomies and who are
taking estrogen alone. That part of the study is continuing because the
data have not shown significant risk or significant benefit from the
hormone.
The other part of the study, of women taking the hormone
combination, was the part that was halted. It found that if 10,000
women take the hormones for one year, eight more will develop invasive
breast cancer than a similar group not taking the hormones, seven more
will have heart attacks, eight more will have strokes and eight more
will have blood clots in their lungs. The benefits are six fewer
instances of colorectal cancers and five fewer hip fractures.
There
is no one overwhelming danger, said Dr. Claude Lenfant, director of the
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. "It is a global risk."
Dr.
Grady says she is absolutely convinced by the new evidence. "This is
such compelling evidence that women and their physicians ought to be
finding a way to get off estrogen," she said. But, she added, she is
not sure that is what will happen.
Many questions remain and it is
possible that future studies will find that benefits outweigh risks,
perhaps with different combinations or formulations of hormones. The
study did not look at estrogen patches, which deliver just estrogen,
through the skin. There are also different formulations of progestin.
Dr. Utian of the Menopause Society said he was not surprised that an active debate seemed to be emerging.
"There
are an awful lot of interests at stake here beyond women's health," he
said. "There are investigators with research grants, N.I.H. grants and
grants from the pharmaceutical industry. There are academics with
careers to build." Added to that, he said, are medical specialists �
gynecologists are comfortable with hormones, internists with statins to
lower cholesterol and protect against heart disease, bone experts with
drugs like bisphosphonates to protect against osteoporosis.
"It's not just a matter of what the data says," Dr. Utian added. "Truth is opinion¨
Segundo Art?culo
Yatrogenia de la THS. Suspendido un estudio con terapia hormonal sustitutiva ante posibles riesgos. Jano On-line. 10/07/2002
Un
grupo de 570 mujeres estadounidenses, que participaban en el estudio
Women's Health Initiative -que inclu?a a m?s de 16.600 mujeres- y que
recib?an una combinaci?n de estr?genos y progestina, como terapia
hormonal sustitutiva (THS), suspendieron sus tratamientos por
recomendaci?n de los investigadores, seg?n informaron especialistas de
la Universidad de Wake
Forest (Estados Unidos).
La raz?n de
esta suspensi?n es que los especialistas han observado que los riegos
de tomar la combinaci?n de 0,625 mg diarios o conjugar estr?genos
equinos y 2,5 mg diarios de medroxiprogesterona, parece ofrecer m?s
problemas que beneficios.
En concreto, los autores del estudio
han se?alado en "JAMA" que, entre mujeres a quienes se les administr?
estr?genos activos y progestina, un cierto porcentaje desarrollaron
c?ncer de mama o experimentaron problemas cardiovasculares tales como
infartos de miocardio, accidentes cerebrovasculares, embolia pulmonar y
trombosis endovenosa.
© Ediciones Doyma S.L
Referencia: Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators.
Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women. JAMA 2002; 288: 321-333
Tercer Art?culo.
Comunicado
oficial de la Asociaci?n Espa?ola para el Estudio de la Menopausia
(AEEM) sobre los resultados del estudio Women�s Health Initiative Study
La
revista Journal of the North American Medical Association (JAMA)
publica en su edici?n del 17 de julio un art?culo sobre los resultados
de uno de los trabajos del Women�s Health Initiative Study (WHI), un
ensayo cl?nico dirigido a analizar los riesgos y beneficios de la
Terapia Hormonal Sustitutiva (THS) en la salud de la mujer
posmenop?usica.
El Instituto Nacional de Salud (NIH) de Estados
Unidos anunci? ayer la discontinuaci?n de uno de los brazos de este
estudio �el que estudiaba la terapia combinada de estr?genos conjugados
equinos y progest?geno acetato de medroxiprogesterona-, debido al
incremento del riesgo de c?ncer de mama y enfermedades cardiovasculares
que este presentaba seg?n los resultados.
El objetivo principal del
estudio fue conocer los mayores beneficios para la salud y los riesgos
de la terapia hormonal combinada de estr?genos conjugados equinos y
progest?geno, acetato de medroxiprogesterona, la m?s utilizada en
Estados Unidos. Se incluyeron 16.608 mujeres posmenop?usicas entre 50 y
79 a?os con una base de ?tero intacta y que fueron seleccionadas por 40
cl?nicas norteamericanas entre 1993 y 1998, de forma que 8.506
pacientes recibieron 0,625 mg/ d?a de estr?genos equinos conjugados y
2,5 mg/ d?a de acetato de medroxiprogesterona v?a oral, y 8.102
pacientes recibieron placebo.
En mayo de 2001, despu?s de 5 a?os de
seguimiento, la comisi?n de datos y monitorizaci?n recomendaron el cese
de la utilizaci?n de esta terapia, ya que las m?s recientes
estad?sticas del c?ncer de mama indicaban que los riesgos de la
utilizaci?n eran superiores a los beneficios. En este sentido, los
ratios estimados de riesgo, con intervalo de un 95 % de confianza,
fueron: aumento del riesgo de afecciones coronarias en 1,29%, d?ndose
un total de 286 casos; aumento del riesgo del c?ncer de mama en un 1,26
%, con un total de 290 casos, y aumento del riesgo de infarto en un
1,41%, con un total de 212 casos.
A este respecto, la Asociaci?n
Espa?ola para el Estudio de la Menopausia (AEEM), considera necesario
realizar las siguientes aclaraciones:
Menopausia y terapia hormonal sustitutiva
La
menopausia es el cese permanente de las menstruaciones como
consecuencia de la p?rdida de la funci?n ov?rica debido a la reducci?n
en la producci?n de estr?genos. Por este motivo, parece que la
alternativa terap?utica m?s l?gica es la reposici?n de este tipo de
hormonas, que controlan el desarrollo de las caracter?sticas del sexo
femenino y del sistema reproductor. No obstante, existen otras
medicaciones que pueden ser aplicadas cuando las pacientes no toleran,
no pueden recibir o abandonan la Terapia Hormonal Sustitutiva, o bien
cuando no existe la indicaci?n de ?sta pero s? una sintomatolog?a que
requiere alg?n tratamiento.
La terapia hormonal sustitutiva est?
constituida por hormonas esteroideas secretadas por el ovario,
fundamentalmente los estr?genos. ?stos pueden ser utilizados como ?nico
tratamiento, lo que se denomina Terapia Estrog?nica Sustitutiva (TES)
sola o sin oposici?n o en combinaci?n con progesterona o progest?genos,
lo que se denomina THS. Sin embargo, es preciso asociar progest?genos
en las mujeres que conservan el ?tero, con el fin de evitar el posible
riesgo de patolog?a endometrial asociado a la administraci?n de los
estr?genos sin oposici?n.
La mayor parte de los beneficios
asociados al uso de THS se obtuvieron con un tratamiento dirigido a
aliviar los s?ntomas t?picos como los sofocos y sudores y a mejorar la
atrofia vaginal. Este tratamiento dura 2 o 3 a?os. Este estudio que
analizamos plantea que esta indicaci?n est? clara, pero que, sin
embargo, las indicaciones a largo plazo para evitar enfermedades
coronarias deben individualizarse y valorar minuciosamente los
beneficios y riesgos.
Dr. Santiago Palacios.
Presidente de la Asociaci?n Espa?ola para el Estudio de la Menopausia (AEEM)
· Para m?s informaci?n, Gabinete de Prensa Oficial de la AEEM. (Isabel Chac?n. Tfno.: 91.787.03.00)
Cuarto art?culo.
Usar o no usar tratamientos hormonales sustitutivos: Riesgos y Desaf?os.
Por Leticia Artiles
La
amplia pol?mica desatada entre los profesionales de la salud debido a
los resultados obtenidos en uno de los ensayos cl?nicos del Women�s
Health Initiative Study difundido por JAMA en el n?mero del 17 de
julio, en espec?fico el que refiere el an?lisis riesgo/beneficio de la
terapia combinada de estr?genos conjugados equinos y progest?genos
(acetato de medroxiprogesterona) conduce a la siguiente reflexi?n sobre
asumir una posici?n de aceptaci?n o de rechazo al uso de los THS.
La
historia de este proceso, que deviene en pr?ctica cultural de
determinados sectores m?dicos y poblacionales, tiene su origen
alrededor de los a?os 60 en que aparecieron los denominados
tratamientos hormonales dirigidos a suplir las carencias hormonales,
esencialmente los estr?genos en las mujeres que pasaban la menopausia.
Esta tecnolog?a emergi? paralelamente al auge de los movimientos
feministas y a la propuesta de nuevos modelos culturales para las
mujeres en los diferentes espacios del escenario p?blico.
La
aparici?n de los denominados Tratamientos Hormonales de Reemplazo (THR)
o Terapia Hormonal sustitutiva (THS) dio lugar a muchas controversias
entre los especialistas debido a los riesgos que implicaba la aparici?n
del c?ncer de mama; no obstante, se presentaron como la �panacea
universal� para: evitar la perdida de masa ?sea, incrementar las HDL
(colesterol bueno), conservar la calidad de la piel, y sobre todo el
mantener a la mujer joven y bella, ventajas que los enmarcaban en lo
que pudiera ser �la fuente de la eterna juventud�. La esperanza de vida
mayor de las mujeres y la belleza aparejada a la utilizaci?n de los
mismos, atributos sin dudas necesarios para la competitividad en el
mercado de trabajo y en el �mercado de pareja� hizo que los THR se
convirtieran en el medicamento de moda.
Claro est?, que el
indiscutible poder de las industrias farmac?uticas y de las
transnacionales de medicamentos aunado al desarrollo de las nuevas
tecnolog?as de la informaci?n y la comunicaci?n, permitieron que tales
medicamentos se convirtieran en productos cotizados para incrementar la
calidad de vida; l?gicamente tuvieron tambi?n un impacto negativo en la
salud de las mujeres, favorecieron la medicalizaci?n del climaterio,
fue signado el mismo como una �endocrinopat?a� privilegi?ndose el
enfoque cl?nico centrado en los s?ntomas y no se tuvo en cuenta, ni se
indag? la important?sima determinaci?n de los factores sociales en la
determinaci?n de la severidad de los s?ntomas climat?ricos.
Estos
vac?os motivaron que en la d?cada de los 90 se comenzara a incorporar
los determinantes sociales como criterios para el diagn?stico y el
manejo terap?utico de las mujeres y en nuestro pa?s se dise??, valid? y
puso en marcha el Modelo de Atenci?n a la Mujer Climat?rica (MACLI) en
que se dispensa una particular atenci?n la discriminaci?n de los
determinantes esenciales en la percepci?n de los s?ntomas climat?ricos,
a partir de tres ejes fundamentales: lo social, lo biol?gico y la salud
mental. El objetivo central del Modelo radica en privilegiar la
atenci?n integral de la mujer, individualizando el tratamiento y
disminuyendo al m?ximo la medicalizaci?n innecesaria.
Estudios
realizados en nuestro medio han demostrado que m?s de un 75% de los
s?ntomas que refieren las mujeres est?n condicionados por sobrecargas
por razones de g?nero, asimismo, que un diagn?stico m?dico social
favorece la precisi?n diagn?stica, la decisi?n terap?utica, la
individualizaci?n del tratamiento y el involucramiento de la mujer en
la toma de decisiones.
Algunas cifras para el debate
Seg?n
un reporte del World Population Data Market Research (IMS, 1999) del
total de mujeres latinoamericanas 50% no presentaba s?ntomas, 43,5%
ten?an s?ntomas y un 6,5% utilizaba THR. Adem?s, se?alaba que en el a?o
2000 m?s del 45% utilizaba el tratamiento desde la perimenopausia. Lo
que se traduce desde la biolog?a en que se a?ade un medicamento
(tratamiento hormonal) a?n cuando el ovario est? secretando la hormona.
Siempre me he preguntado si esta intervenci?n externa no inhibir? el
proceso de ajuste fisiol?gico que debe producirse en esta etapa, para
lo cual no tengo respuesta.
Datos de MIDAS World Pharmacy
Market, reportan la tasa de aceptaci?n de los THR, la m?s alta para
Estados Unidos 35,4 por mil y la m?s baja en Jap?n 2,8. Es conocido por
los/las profesionales que trabajan el tema que las poblaciones
orientales refieren baja frecuencia de s?ntomas climat?ricos, al
extremo que el vocablo calores (hot flashes) no existe en japon?s. Esta
baja percepci?n de s?ntomas se asocia mucho con el tipo de dieta, sobre
todo de soya, que es un alimento rico en fitoestr?genos y pr?cticas
culturales diferentes al occidente.
En el reporte de Parra se
analizan 21 pa?ses respecto al nivel de pobreza, dos de esos pa?ses son
Canad? y Estados Unidos; en 4 de los 19 pa?ses latinoamericanos m?s del
60% de su poblaci?n est? en situaci?n de pobreza (Bolivia, Guatemala,
Hait? y Nicaragua) y 5 por encima del 40% (Ecuador, El Salvador,
Honduras, Per? y Venezuela). Se conoce adem?s, la marcada feminizaci?n
de la pobreza en la Regi?n, entonces debemos preguntarnos ?Cu?ntas
mujeres tienen acceso a los THR y a los ex?menes complementarios
sistem?ticos que requiere este tipo de tratamiento?. Son escasos los
reportes epidemiol?gicos en poblaciones de bajo acceso a THS que nos
indiquen s?ntomas y riesgos de alarma epidemiol?gica que se relacionen
de forma espec?fica con la falla estrog?nica. T?ngase en cuenta que la
mayor parte de las mujeres no tienen acceso econ?mico a los THR, las
que lo tienen por lo general pertenecen a las clases media y alta con
otros factores de car?cter social, que en la mayor?a de los casos no se
tienen en cuenta, como el nivel educacional que puede contribuir a
mejorar o a empeorar los efectos fisiol?gicos de la disminuci?n de
estr?genos.
Vale la pena, ante la contraposici?n de
bondades/da?os de los THR evaluar cuanto podemos ayudar si trabajamos
sobre la prevenci?n de la salud, el ejercicio f?sico moderado, el
abandono del h?bito de fumar, elementos esenciales para disminuir los
efectos negativos de la osteoporosis. Tambi?n resulta importante
promover una alimentaci?n sana, rica en frutas y vegetales, privilegiar
los tratamientos naturales y sobre todo evaluar muy individualmente a
cada mujer.
Los THR constituyen una excelente terap?utica para
diversas situaciones como la extirpaci?n de los ovarios a edades
tempranas o cualquier otra que bajo una evaluaci?n integral determine
la necesidad de suplir las hormonas artificialmente. No se trata de
estar en contra de los THR si no de su innecesaria generalizaci?n, ni
de su venta como panacea universal para dar respuesta a todos los
pormenores del envejecimiento. Creo ciertamente que hay que trabajar
sobre los estilos de vida, las pr?cticas y las costumbres sociales,
ense?ar a aprender a envejecer y luchar contra un mercado
discriminatorio centrado en par?metros de belleza.
Desaf?os
No
hay duda que el incremento de la esperanza de vida de la poblaci?n
femenina nos coloca frente a desaf?os importantes: 1) la necesidad de
identificar una morbilidad no del todo conocida; 2) la importancia de
distinguir los procesos involucrados con el envejecimiento de aquellos
asociados directamente a la menopausia, 3) la necesidad urgente de
desmedicalizar el climaterio y con ello el consecuente rescate de su
car?cter fisiol?gico y por ?ltimo, 4) incorporar a la mujer como sujeto
activo en el proceso de atenci?n m?dica del climaterio y en la toma de
decisiones que ata?en a su tratamiento.
Por otra parte, y
desde una mirada social de la atenci?n de la salud de las mujeres, se
requiere disminuir los costos de los medicamentos y de los medios
diagn?sticos, mejorar la calidad y especificidad de la terap?utica,
disminuir los efectos secundarios y dar respuesta a los s?ntomas
espec?ficos, incorporar la educaci?n en salud, los procedimientos
naturales y la prevenci?n en la Atenci?n Primaria de Salud como pilares
del manejo y tratamiento del climaterio.
En el marco acad?mico
es necesario desarrollar investigaciones que permitan caracterizar el
climaterio en los pa?ses en v?as de desarrollo que se ven obligados a
la importaci?n de resultados que no se corresponden con las
caracter?sticas de su poblaci?n y a asimilar tecnolog?as alejadas de
los recursos econ?micos de las poblaciones que las requieren. Asimismo,
se necesita acumular evidencia cient?fica que fundamente la
implantaci?n de programas espec?ficos de atenci?n de la salud de la
mujer de edad mediana y desarrollar Modelos de Atenci?n Integral que
privilegien la calidad de vida de las mujeres durante el climaterio.